大家讲的基本正确，我再补充一下：
RothIRA的本金可以取出，没有罚款。因为本金本身是税后的，所以也没有税可言。
获利（earnings）一般要交10%罚款（penalty），但如果你帐号拥有5年以上，或者急着用钱（第一次买房子，生病交不起医疗费等），不用罚款。
具体的条件从Vanguard的网站上能看到：
http://flagship.vanguard.com/VGApp/hnw/content/AccountServ/Retirement/ATSCompareIRAsContent.jsp
仔细读读还是挺复杂。两口子收入不能过十五万。我的RothIRA都在Vanguard。
最后家一句：退休金中，401k是最佳选择，因为本金免税，放满了再放别的。RothIRA 比401k 优越的唯一可能是你决定五年后买房或回国要用这笔钱。
Vanguard有很多好的fund,如果你没买过任何东东，保险点买Balanced fund，风险较小。
1. Taxable income upper limit is 150k$, which means the income after your 401k contribution. Agree, more detail is in the web page I quoted.
2. 这点不敢苟同，401k是 tax defer，而不是 tax free, 将来取出来时还是要交税的。I like ROTH IRA. For this one, we can discuss for a long time. If we assume yearly return in your funds is about 6% or more a year. Any money in 401k has 28% more since it's tax deferred, this extra 28% will make extra 6% for you each year. So if you want this money 10 years later, you pay the 10% penalty, you may still make more money based on the performance of funds. You don't have to defer to 591/2.
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